Analysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest

The Author and His/Her Times: Ken Kesey was born on September 17, 1935 and died on November 10, 2011 at age 66. Kesey was once arrested for possession of marijuana and a â€Å"faked suicide† and was put into prison for five years. He also had a lot of experimentation with psychoactive drugs, which could spark his interest in the human mind, which has a lot of influence on the novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The novel was put on The Times list of To honor Kesey after his death, there is a film called, Gerry, which is dedicated to him and his life. Form, Structure, and Plot: The novel is organized into four parts. The book has three hundred twenty five pages. There are 29 chapters in all. There is a scene when Chief Bromden sees a dog in a window, who runs into the street as a car speed up. The dog gets ran over. This is foreshadowing the ending fate of McMurphy. The story was in chronological order. There are multiple uses of streams of consciousness in the novel, because we are in Bromden’s head the whole time, listening to his thought process on how he perceives certain interactions. Time is not a big factor in the novel. In the beginning, Chief is very secluded, and is locked inside this mental ward along with being locked inside his own mind, since he plays deaf and dumb. The ending was very different because Chief had made progress and talked to McMurphy, who was the first person he had talked to in a long time. Chief also broke out of the mental ward and wasShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s N est By Ken Kesey1226 Words   |  5 Pagescontent more interesting. The novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by, Ken Kesey, contains several literary theories that made the classic story successful. The storyline was interesting enough for it to be turned into a movie and an altered version Broadway play. At one point Time Magazine included this novel into its top one hundred novels list. What made this book so fascinating to read and successful was the use of several literacy theories. One of the main literacy theories presentRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1622 Words   |  7 Pagesor someone. Leadership on the other hand, may be a tool used to overcome authority which is depicted when McMurphy is admitted into the ward and effectively changes the patient’s lives for the better. Throughout the novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, written by Ken Kesey, McMurphy’s leadership dominates Nurse Ratched’ s authority due to his success in transforming the patients into better people from the second of his arrival and giving them the option to live a better life. McMurphy, a gamblerRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of patients of the psychological institution of the book One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. The patients in the psychic ward each demonstrates different characteristics that corresponded to fixation from each stage of development through daily activity and the way that they present themselves. It also illustrates societal stereotype to these fixation and lead to unhealthy psychological environment to improve patient s’ internal health. The five stages of psychosexual developmentRead MoreAn Analysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest 1311 Words   |  6 PagesWhile One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is only a little over fifty years old, it feels like an even more dated story then some things written hundreds of years ago. This is because it is set in a field, psychology, that is constantly evolving and makes drastic progress in short amounts of time. The sexist and racist undertones coupled with the outdated view of psychology dates the book and undercuts the theme of the story. Psychology is the study of the human mind and behavior. It is only roughlyRead MoreAnalysis Of Ken Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest2592 Words   |  11 Pagestreatment patients in a mental hospital received and not many people helped with that. Today, people are becoming more outspoken about mental illness, why? In Ken Kesey’s One flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, before McMurphy enters the hospital, it was all in perfect order, everyone would talk about their experience and what went through their heads. At one time, Randle McMurphy, a new patient at the hospital speaks about his own insanity with pride, â€Å"â€Å"Don’t overlook the possibility that this man might be feigningRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest By Ken Kesey1195 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday life, there is always an unequal distribution of power. More often than not, someone has more power than another. For example, nurses and patients in a mental institution; the nurses have authority over the patients. In the classic novel, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, by Ken Kesey, Nurse Ratched makes sure that all of the patients are weaker than she is. Since she is clearly the head of the ward, Nurse Ratched is able to control the patients and their actions. However, when an independentRea d MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Speech Act Theory Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesKen Kesey forms the intricate relationships among the characters in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by the unique use of perspective and speech. Throughout the novel, Kesey depicts this connection between the public world and the seemingly closed off society inside the mental institution. This creates two separate spheres separated by a few walls and doors. Kesey goes on to form a unique perspective in the novel, told by a paranoid schizophrenic, with the narrator’s caricature-likeRead MoreKen Kesey s One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1629 Words   |  7 Pages1962, Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a timeless classic. This novel has been subject to analysis through many different literary lenses: feminist, Marxist, and of course, psychoanalytic. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest provides a plethora of evidence when it comes to using the ps ychoanalytic lens. The lens in question deals with the teaching of Sigmund Freud. When reading this novel, the audience sees quite clearly that the world of psychology plays an impactful role in One Flew Over

The Death Penalty Is Ineffective And Inefficient Form Of...

Execute Justice Not People An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind† (Dear). Gandhi’s moving words still resonates soundly and influences people’s acts today. He conveyed that violence only breeds more violence and people should not allow hate and bitterness consume them to the point where they cannot forgive but to take vengeance upon another as the ultimate solution. Throughout history, various forms of executions such as lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad and hanging have taken place as a punishment for violent crimes in the United States. The death penalty is an ineffective and inefficient form of punishment and it should be eliminated because it is fundamentally immoral and disrespect for human life, does not deter crime, prolongs the anguish of the victims’ families, costs lots of taxpayers’ money, and worst of all, risks executions of innocent people. No matter how heinous the crime may be, condemning someone to death violates the right to life and subjects the inmate to the ultimate form of cruel, inhumane, degrading, and primitive punishment. The right to life is the most basic right; and without it, all of the other rights and freedoms are somewhat meaningless. Even convicted murderers retain certain constitutional rights which include the Eighth Amendment s protection against cruel and unusual punishment. America’s criminal justice system must abolish the death penalty because each and every method of execution has itsShow MoreRelatedObjective Reasoning Against Capital Punishment736 Words   |  3 Pagesin Wonderland.†1 Capital punishment has always been a controversial topic with proponents of both sides presenting numerous arguments to support their positions. A large portion of these arguments are of a moral or ethical nature. Defenders of the death penalty claim that it is the only just sentence for those who have taken a life, that such people do not deserve to live, and that it invokes fear in potential killers, to list but a few. Opponents of this form of punishment believe that vengeance andRead MoreDeath Penalty Through Life of David Gale Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesLife of David Gale makes many arguments against the death penalty throughout the movie showing how far the characters in the movie will go to promote this cause they hold near and dear to their hearts. David Gale plays a Professor in the philosophy department, but after a series of unfortunate events he ends up on death row even though through his entire career he made himself a known advocate for the Death Watch; which was an anti-death penalty organization that frequently fought for this cause throughRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Execution1707 Words   |  7 PagesKacie Trapp Mr. Sneeden English 1010 6 November 2015 Essay 3: The Personal as Political The death penalty is â€Å"the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime.† Currently, thirty-six countries practice this punishment, 103 countries have abolished it for all crimes, and six countries have abolished it except for special circumstances. The death penalty has been around for a very long time in the United States, with the first recorded execution being thatRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Inhumane1441 Words   |  6 PagesDeath row inmates around the world are held in appalling conditions: the cells are not suitable for a human being; the dietary regime is inadequate; and access to medical care is difficult. â€Å"Not only are inmates placed in physically cruel and unusual circumstances, but their mind is also greatly affected by their situation, with many death row inmates suffering from mental illness and mental disabilities as a result of their death sentence,† stresses the World Coalition Against the Death PenaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is An Imperfect System1751 Words   |  8 PagesAmericans are split on the issue of the death penalty. Whether the issue is a moral one, a financial one, or that of something in between, a new system needs to be put in place to penalize the criminals and satisfy the citizens. Despite being a controversial topic, I think most can agree that the death penalty is an imperfect system. Irrespective of where you stand on the issue, the death penalty, in many ways, is an inefficient system. It is costly. It is debatable as to whether or not it is a deterrentRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1779 Words   |  8 PagesCentury after cent ury the death penalty has been used as a form of punishment around the world. Although many places have abolished the death penalty, it needs to go into global effect because the death penalty is poorly administered because it shouldn’t be the government who controls if a person lives or dies. Although the death penalty has come a long way from burning a woman alive at the stake, it still isn’t as humane as most would think some complications can occur on top of the cost that theRead MoreAbstract. Since 2003, Many Chinese Citizens Have Been Detained1700 Words   |  7 Pagescomplaint has not been sufficiently resolved after this initial step, they have the right to take their petition up to provincial-level offices, and eventually, the State Bureau for Letters and Visits in Beijing. The petition system is notoriously inefficient at the local level (one study conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2004 found that only 0.2% of petitioners successfully so lve their problems through the system), which means that a large number of petitioners are forced to travelRead MoreAssess the Significance of Developments in Policing in Influencing the Effectiveness of Law and Order in the Period 1830 – 1965.2132 Words   |  9 Pagesfocused nationalising policing in rural areas. On the other hand, the enforcement of the Act was optional[5] thus limiting its effectiveness, as many boroughs were apprehensive of its creation. Nevertheless further legislation was pioneered in the form of the County and Borough Police Act of 1856, which saw every county having to acquire a professional police force[6]. The government encouraged the development and gave incentives such as; paying for clothing and wage to efficient police forces[7]Read MoreEssay on Corporate Crime2732 Words   |  11 Pagesseriously and the regulatory agencies appear powerless as the penalties available to them are ineffective in sufficiently punishing criminal acts and preven ting future crimes. As investigations and methods of law enforcement are incredibly time consuming and costly, the current most effective punishments of committing a corporate crime are the use of; recalls, unilateral orders, consent agreements, decrees, injunctions and monetary penalties are most used. The use of deferred and non-prosecution agreementsRead MoreAmerican Prison Systems: Do They Really Work?4530 Words   |  18 Pageshouses of punishment, as they would later evolve to be (Lynch, n.d). A person who committed a crime was sent to prison only while awaiting trial, and after the trial was complete, the sentence would entail something quick and decisive either death or release. Thus, early American prison systems certainly worked to the extent that they were only designed to temporarily detain suspects and occasionally house convicted criminals for longer periods. The concept of the prison as a house of punishment and

Theory X and Theory Y free essay sample

His work is ased upon Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, in that he grouped the hierarchy into lower-order needs (Theory X) and higher-order needs (Theory Y). He suggested that management could use either set of needs to motivate employees, but better results would be gained by the use of Theory Y, rather than Theory X. These two opposing perceptions theorized how people view human behavior at work and organizational life: Theory X With Theory X assumptions, managements role is to coerce and control employees. People have an inherent dislike tor work and will avoid it whenever possible. People ust be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment In order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. People prefer to be directed, do not want responslblllty, and have little or no ambition. People seek security above all else. Theory Y With Theory Y assumptions, managements role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. People learn to accept and seek responsibility. Creativity, Ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. People have potential. Intellectual creativity cannot be programmed and directed the way we program and direct an assembly line or an accounting department. This kind of Intellectual contribution to the enterprise cannot be obtained by giving orders, by traditional supervisory practices, or by close systems of control. Even conventional notions of productivity are meaningless with reference to the creative intellectual effort. Management has not yet considered in any depth what Is involved in managing an organization heavily populated with people whose prime contribution consists of creative intellectual effort. † from Douglas McGregors essay, New Concepts of Management. I OF3 Theory X managers are micro-managers, whereas Theory Y managers believe in empowering employees. SmartNotes fig. 1 History of Motivation Timeline of motivation theory KEY POINTS McGregors Theory X surmises that workers need to be constantly watched and instructed what to do. Managers who believe this philosophy assume that the verage staff member dislikes work, avoids work whenever possible, and work is only motivated by money, position, and punishment. McGregors Theory Y emphasizes that staff are self-disciplined and would like to do the Job themselves. The team members are active and supportive in our work climate and find the work itself rewarding. Adopting this philosophy will produce self-direction towards goals without coercion or control. Its quite rare to find a purely Theory X or Theory Y orientation in an organization. There is usually a blend of each with a tendency to lean towards one or the other. TERMS micromanage To manage, direct, or control a person, group, or system to an unnecessary level of detail or precision. empower To give someone more confidence and/or strength to do something, often by enabling them to increase their control over their own life or situation. incentive Something that motivates, rouses, or encourages. EXAMPLES A Theory X type manager would be more inclined to use tangible rewards as incentives. They assume their authority is resented and adopt regulations that are designed to enforce compliance. A Theory Y type manager acts in a way that communicates trust and a belief in staff members good intentions. They assume that staff members want to work towards organizational goal attainment and work to set up an environment that enhances growth. Rate these SmartNotes: Full text Theory X McGregors Theory X is the root cause of micromanagement. The concept surmises workers need to be constantly watched and instructed what to do. Managers who believe this philosophy assume that the average staff member dislikes work and avoids work whenever possible. The work is only motivated by money, position, and punishment. In addition, the worker avoids increased responsibility and seeks to be directed. The acceptance of Theory X will result in an uthoritarian management style over the team and allowing for little collaboration or even participation in decision making. Leaders (managers) who adhere to Theory X assume that the average person: Dislikes work and attempts to avoid it centered and, therefore, does not care about organizational goals Resists change Act irresponsibly (Weinbach, 2008) designed to enforce compliance. Theory Y McGregors Theory Y is the root cause of employee empowerment. This concept emphasizes that staff are self-discipline and would like to do the Job themselves. The team members are active and supportive in our work climate and find the work itself ewarding. Adopting this philosophy will produce self-direction towards goals without coercion or control. Teammates will seek opportunities for personal improvement and self-respect Leaders (managers) who adhere to Theory Y assume that: Work is a natural activity for people. People will be self-directed to meet their work objectives if they are committed to them. People will be committed to their objectives if rewards are in place that address higher needs, such as self-fulfillment. People will seek responsibility. Most people can handle responsibility, because creativity and ingenuity are common n the population (Weinbach, 2008).

The Abstinence Club Essay Example For Students

The Abstinence Club Essay The Abstinence Club All pressure is not bad. In high school, I was apart of a organization called the Abstinence Club. Before joining I found out that the Abstinence Club was an organization that provides positive peer pressure among adults and teens within the society. It’s also a group of persons who all come together and agree that they are going to wait until marriage or either become celibate and stop having sex until getting married. The main rule or agreement of the Abstinence Club is to abstain from having sex until marriage. For that reason I not only joined but also became the president of thee club, I joined because it was nice to know I wasn’t thee only teenager who felt the immediate need to rush into having sex. For example, most the teens at the age of fifth teen had already had about three or more sex partners and was proud, when I haven’t even had one. The group started out with about thirty members, who came every Thursday for a hour from three to four o’clock. Over the weeks those 30 members would shed away until it was about ten loyal members who all came faithfully every week and understood the whole concept of the organization. We will write a custom essay on The Abstinence Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During meetings we talked about the struggles of dealing with sex daily and how many feel pressured into sex. Like for a example, a girl in my group shared how they where going with a boyfriend for a couple months and during the whole so called relationship they where asked when and if they where going to have sex. We eve discussed every sexually transmitted disease there is, and the affects each one can have on a person. Like the the STD called H. P. V there are hundreds of them but there is only a few what can affect a person horribly. HPV can be transferred by skin to skin contact as well as sexually and may cause warts to appear. To make our discussions we had even more clear, we would watch different moves of people with different STD’s and look at disturbing pictures to make sure our minds would surely be strayed away from having sex. I became the president of the club to show I was able to withstand all negative peer pressures and wait until marriage to have sex. As president, I had to lead an example and also bring Abstinence awareness to the school. In the hall ways, would post up charts that show the total amount of sex partners you and your boyfriends or girlfriend have had added together and show how STD’s spread. I even had to gather a group of my school mates in the school auditorium and give like a quick ten to twenty minute speed during lunch time and show how its not all about having sex with any and everyone and making a game out of sex, but to save that special moment for your husband and or wife. I had to explain and even give examples that everyone could relate to. For example if a person who has had five to fifth teen other sex partners, or either have been having sex with the person they plan to marry up until the marriage day, how special will that honey moon really be. There’s nothing more special then saving yourself for the one you plan on spending the rest of your life with. While I was in the Abstinence Club it showed me how life can be without sex. Some may think that sounds like the worst thing ever especially the men, but I think it’s empowering and shows that I could stand up for what I believe in. I say empowering because a life without any kind of worries sounds ideal to me. .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .postImageUrl , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:hover , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:visited , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:active { border:0!important; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:active , .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u699a77ce0beef79bee397d93325c017f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lum and Abner EssayBy worries I mean living a life with STD and HIV AIDS free. My world would crumble before me if I was ever told I have aids and had only a few granted years to live with the help of medication. If I wait on that special person that can put a ring on my finger, that’s loyal, and trust worthy, contracting an STD doesn’t even come to mind so there’s no need to worry. It shows life without sex doesn’t even have to have to lead to having a child out of wedlock, not being abstinent and having kids out of wedlock can sometimes mean not knowing who the baby father is, or both knowing and neither have the financial means to support a c hild. The Abstinence Club provides positive peer pressure because it’s a organization that encourages persons to wait until marriage to have sex. It’s about saving that special moment with that loving significant other who plan to spend the rest of your life with and can put a ring on your finger, trust in, and not worrying about contracting an STD or worst AIDS. This organization can also provides ways to avoid negative peer pressure by not trying to fit into the norm and having sex just because everyone is as if trading in innocents is a game.

5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track

5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track 5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track 5 Ways to Keep Parallel Lists on Track By Mark Nichol For many types of diagnostic posts on this site, in which I present a list of sentences with the same kind of error and describe the problem, I try to find real-world examples I’ve come across in editing projects or in casual reading, though sometimes I have to resort to constructing examples. One type of writing error I will never run out of live specimens for, however, is a lack of parallel structure in a run-in list. Here are just some of the many candidate sentences I’ve found: 1. â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media, high overall scores from professional reviewers, and has sold more than two million copies.† All items in a series must be accompanied by their own verbs or must share one there’s no middle ground: â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media, earned high overall scores from professional reviewers, and has sold more than two million copies.† (Or â€Å"The game received prominent coverage in the video game media and high overall scores from professional reviewers and has sold more than two million copies.†) 2. â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, saves energy, and a great place to meet and make new friends.† In this variation of the error illustrated in the first example, a list item equipped with its own verb is inserted among other items sharing a verb at the head of the sentence. Convert the errant item to a consistent form: â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, energy efficient, and a great place to meet and make new friends.† (Alternatively, tack the item on to the end of the sentence: â€Å"It is fun, safe, convenient, and a great place to meet and make new friends and it saves energy, too!†) 3. â€Å"There is an outdoor patio with picnic tables and barbecue, a fire pit with Adirondack chairs, walking trails, and beach access.† This construction implies that the fire pit has Adirondack chairs, walking trails, and beach access. To avoid implying a nonexistent association, relegate a complex list item among a string of simple items to the end of the sentence: â€Å"There is an outdoor patio with picnic tables and a barbecue, walking trails, and beach access, and a fire pit with Adirondack chairs.† (Also, I don’t understand why writers are so niggardly with the article a/an in run-in lists; I inserted one before barbecue.) 4. â€Å"Many animals such as deer, raccoon, coyote, fox, an occasional bobcat, mountain lion, and many bird species call this area home.† This sentence’s first item is an animal name that is identical in singular and plural form, and the wording of the head of the sentence suggests that all references to animals to follow will be in plural form. They’re not, and then â€Å"an occasional bobcat† distracts the reader, followed by a disorienting plural. Make the animal names consistently plural (with the necessary exception set aside as a parenthetical): â€Å"Many animals such as deer, raccoons, coyotes, foxes, mountain lions (and an occasional bobcat), and many bird species call this area home.† 5. â€Å"Miles of trails provide access through rugged chaparral, woodlands, fields, streams, a lake, and provide spectacular views.† Everything’s fine until you hit the water, and suddenly â€Å"miles of trails† is no longer relevant, except that it is for the final phrase. Retrofit the sentence to support its ideas: â€Å"Miles of trails provide spectacular views, and provide access through woodlands, fields, and rugged chaparral to streams and a lake.† (My assumption is that rugged refers only to chaparral, so move that phrase to the end of the initial list so it is not incorrectly applied to woodlands and fields as well.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should KnowYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other AcclamationsProverb vs. Adage

3 Top Tips for Writing Stellar Brown Supplemental Essays

3 Top Tips for Writing Stellar Brown Supplemental Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Brown admits just under 7.2% of their total applicant pool every year. If you want to be one of those admitted students, you’ll need to write amazing Brown essays as part of your Brown University application. In this article, we’ll outline the different types of essays you need to write for your Brown University application and teach you how to write a Brown supplement essay that will help you stand out from the thousands of other applicants. What Are the Brown Essay Prompts? Brown University requires you to complete a total of three short answer questions if you are applying to its undergraduate program. If you are applying to Brown’s eight-year Medical program or the five-year dual degree from RISD, you will have to write additional essays, which we will also cover in this article. The three Brown essay prompts for applicants to the undergraduate program have a 250 word limit. For the three additional essays for the Brown medical program, two have a word limit of 250 and one has a word limit of 500. For the dual degree RISD program there is only one extra essay requirement, with a 650 word limit. These essays are specific to the Brown application - you won’t find them on any other college or university’s application. All of these essays are of equal importance and should be treated as such. Every one of your essays should be the strongest example of your work possible. The Brown essay questions offer you plenty of opportunities to show off your qualifications as an applicant and wow the admissions committee. 2018-19 Brown Supplement Essay Questions All first-year applicants to Brown are required to answer the following Brown supplement essay questions: Why are you drawn to the area(s) of study you indicated earlier in this application? (You may share with us a skill or concept that you found challenging and rewarding to learn, or any experiences beyond coursework that may have broadened your interest.) (250 word limit) What do you hope to experience at Brown through the Open Curriculum, and what do you hope to contribute to the Brown community? (250 word limit) Tell us about the place, or places, you call home. These can be physical places where you have lived, or a community or group that is important to you. (250 word limit) If you are applying to the eight-year Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME) or the five-year Brown-Rhode Island School of Design Dual Degree Program (BRDD) you must complete the special program essays. Three essays are required for applicants to the PLME: Committing to a future career as a physician while in high school requires careful consideration and self-reflection. What values and experiences have led you to believe that becoming a doctor in medicine is the right fit for you? (250 word limit) Most people describe a career as a physician/doctor as a "profession", beyond a job. Describe for us what "professionalism" and "the profession of a physician/doctor" mean to you. (250 word limit) How do you envision the Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME) helping you to meet your academic personal and professional goals as a person and as a physician of the future? (500 word limit) One essay is required for applicants to the Brown|RISD Dual Degree Program: The Brown | RISD A.B./B.F.A. Dual Degree Program provides an opportunity to explore your interests and prepare for the future in two distinct learning environments. Considering your understanding of both academic programs, describe how and why the specific combination of the art/design-focused curriculum of RISD and the wide-ranging courses and curricula of Brown could constitute an optimal undergraduate education for you. (650 word limit) Brown Supplemental Essays, Analyzed In this section, we’ll be looking at the Brown essay prompts in depth. Remember, with the Brown prompts you don’t get to choose which essay you would like to write. You need to answer all of the questions that are required for your particular program of study. Let’s take a look at each of the Brown essay questions and see how to write something meaningful for each. Brown Essay Prompt #1 Why are you drawn to the area(s) of study you indicated earlier in this application? (You may share with us a skill or concept that you found challenging and rewarding to learn, or any experiences beyond coursework that may have broadened your interest.) (250 word limit) This essay question is fairly straightforward. Brown wants to know what you’re interested in pursuing academically and where that interest comes from. Brown has an Open Curriculum model and it’s teased in this prompt. Brown doesn’t believe that learning is limited to the classroom, so you can talk about experiences outside school that contributed to your interest in the area of study you indicated. Although Brown makes it clear that you may write about more than one subject, we suggest limiting yourself to one or two topics. 250 words is not that many - you’ll want to speak in-depth about your interests and you simply won’t have that ability if you choose more than two topics. Try to share a personal experience that relates to your potential area of study. For instance, if you want to study English literature, you could talk about a family trip to London that piqued your interest. Or, if you’re studying math, you can talk about how winning a competition felt like an incredible reward for years of hard work. Brown Essay Prompt #2 What do you hope to experience at Brown through the Open Curriculum, and what do you hope to contribute to the Brown community? (250 word limit) You need to understand what Brown’s Open Curriculum means before writing this essay. Research Brown’s academic model so that you can speak about it confidently and accurately. While the Open Curriculum may sound really exciting and its lack of required courses may sound exciting, you should present your interest in it as something proactive, rather than reactive. Don’t say that you are excited to never read a fiction book again. Show what you would rather take instead. Basically, you want to show what you are interested in, rather than what you’re not interested in. Saying that you’re a musician who also has a passion for molecular biology is better than saying you’re an English major who never wants to be in another math class again. Want to get into Brown or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Brown Essay Prompt #3 Tell us about the place, or places, you call home. These can be physical places where you have lived, or a community or group that is important to you. (250 word limit) This prompt is the fun prompt - a chance to let your personality and the places and people that have most influenced you win the admissions committee over. You should write from the heart. The admissions committee should feel your deep connection to whatever you choose to describe as home. Remember the old grade school axiom: â€Å"Show, don’t tell.† Don’t tell the admissions committee why a specific place or person is important to you. Demonstrate their importance through a description of your experiences or interactions with this avatar. PLME Essay Requirements If you are applying to the eight-year Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME) or the five-year Brown-Rhode Island School of Design Dual Degree Program (BRDD) you must complete the special program essays. Three essays are required for applicants to the PLME. PLME Prompt #1 Committing to a future career as a physician while in high school requires careful consideration and self-reflection. What values and experiences have led you to believe that becoming a doctor in medicine is the right fit for you? (250 word limit) Make your answer is as specific as the prompt itself. Choose a real-life example to describe here, which can be anything from a personal experience to a news story you followed closely. Being authentic will make this essay really shine. Don’t say that you want to be a physician for the job stability or the chance to be featured in a medical journal. If you have never seen a person suffering from cancer up close, don’t pretend that you have - the admissions committee will smell inauthenticity from a mile away. Instead, truly reflect on something medically related that impacted you. Maybe you had a great experience with a doctor who helped you recover from a sports injury or loved interacting with your pediatrician who let you play with his stethoscope. Whatever you choose, it should be about you, and you alone. PLME Prompt #2 Most people describe a career as a physician/doctor as a "profession", beyond a job. Describe for us what "professionalism" and "the profession of a physician/doctor" mean to you. (250 word limit) This prompt can feel intimidating. How can someone who is outside of the medical profession answer this prompt with honesty, integrity and no guesswork? Rest assured, there’s no right or wrong answer here. The admissions committee is simply looking to understand what being a doctor means to you. You need to pick qualities that are meaningful to you and will resonate with the admissions committee - not that doctors have good job security and often high salaries. Think about what your life as a doctor will be like. How do you picture yourself in ten years? Will you be researching cures? Will you be providing healthcare to underserved populations? Will you be handing out lollipops to the children who come to your neighborhood practice? You should paint a vivid picture of how you anticipate acting as a doctor. PLME Prompt #3 How do you envision the Program in Liberal Medical Education (PLME) helping you to meet your academic personal and professional goals as a person and as a physician of the future? (500 word limit) For this prompt, you need to do your research about the PLME program at Brown. Don’t be daunted by the length of the word limit - view it as an opportunity to show how much you know about the school. The word limit for this essay is telling: the admissions committee at Brown wants to make sure that you are serious about their program, and serious for the right reasons. Make sure that you are honest, and as specific as possible when answering this prompt. Reference professors you are excited to work with or classes that stand out as thought-provoking or supremely fun. What does Brown’s medical program offer to its students that other medical programs don’t? Be sure to mention specific pieces of information. You should also discuss why you’re interested in PLME versus pursuing a typical undergraduate degree and then applying to medical school. PLME is a unique program - highlight why this model is the right fit for you. Brown RISD | Dual Degree Essay Requirement One essay is required for applicants to the Brown|RISD Dual Degree Program: The Brown|RISD A.B./B.F.A. Dual Degree Program provides an opportunity to explore your interests and prepare for the future in two distinct learning environments. Considering your understanding of both academic programs, describe how and why the specific combination of the art/design-focused curriculum of RISD and the wide-ranging courses and curricula of Brown could constitute an optimal undergraduate education for you. (650 word limit) For the Brown | RISD Dual Degree Program essay, you’ll need to pick out specific aspects of both Brown and RISD that appeal to you. Identify features of each school that you’re attracted to, like particular classes or professors. You should also indicate how you’ll take advantage of each school. If you just wanted to study design, you’d apply to RISD. If you just wanted to study something else, you’d apply to Brown. So why do you want to go to both? Describe how your work at one school will impact your work at the other. Perhaps your study of ancient Greek at Brown will inform the sculptures you make at RISD. You should depict how you see your studies at each school intersecting. How to Write a Great Brown Supplemental Essay Regardless of which Brown supplemental essays you’re responding to, you should keep in mind the following tips for how to write a great Brown essay. #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Brown wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Brown essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but you want to make sure your Brown essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Brown application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Brown essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Recap: Key Tips for the Brown Supplement The Brown supplemental essays cover a wide range of topics. Regardless of the question you’re answering, remember to follow these basic dos and don’ts as you’re writing: DO Be authentic and honest. Be specific when citing people, places and experiences. Do your research about Brown and its unique academic model. DON’T Base your essays on what you think the Brown application committee wants to hear. Use cliches or broad sweeping statements. Try too hard to be funny and original - be genuine and your positive attributes will be visible to the committee. What’s Next? If you're getting ready to apply to college, it's time to learn what colleges expect from you. This article will help you better target your application to suit what each school you apply to is looking for. Worried about how to write an amazing college essay?Readour step-by-step guide on how to write a college essayand take a look at our analysis of 100+ real college essaysto get a feel for what colleges want- and don't want- to read in an application. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

Dream job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dream job - Essay Example I therefore, must admit how privileged I am to have passion for something. This is electrical engineering. I love everything about electrical engineering, and I believe that my future in electrical engineering is promising. I am driven by passion in my studies, and I believe my love for electrical engineering will continue to benefit me in many different ways, now and in future (Anderson 33). I remember my childhood period when I grew up as a curious child, wanting to know everything I had no idea of. I would watch my father repair electronics, including light bulbs, and I would get interested in knowing why the appliances had stopped working, and how they were fixed. I am thankful that my father was patient with the stubborn me, and always took delight in offering me detailed explanations of how he had fixed the appliances. This was instrumental, as almost every day; I would learn a new thing. I grew up with this curiosity and inquisitiveness, and I am glad this helped me get a lot of information about new things and concepts. When I was of considerable age, I learnt that my passion for electrical engineering was real. I remember telling my parents one evening that I would study electrical engineering when I grow up. My father did not object, he patted me on the back and affirmed that that was my thing. From that moment, I became focused on electrical engineering. ... he world, and that each day I will be looking forward to learning something new, increases the urge in me to know more, to comprehend an extra concept, and excel in electrical engineering. Therefore, my hard work, dedication, and passion for this course will ultimately take the world and me to the engineering standards that we aspire in future. All study courses are important in the world today. However, I believe that electrical engineering plays a special role and holds a special place in the global economy today. This is why I admire the prominent dedicated electrical engineers in this country. I have always stopped to think and imagine how the world would be, if electrical engineers never existed, or if they suddenly gave up their roles. Afterwards, I figure out that if all electrical engineers were to vanish from the world one day, many of the things people depend on would become non-existent or would suddenly stop working. This has always given me the pride to be an electrical engineer in the making. Thus, I am a motivated person, knowing that I am on the right track to my profession, and to a fulfilling future. Electrical engineering is responsible for shaping talented individuals to become successful electrical engineers. The electrical engineers hold a special place in society today. For instance, these influence the work of mechanics and electricians, by ensuring everything, including things such as circuits, is in place, before the mechanics and electricians start working gadgets, vehicles, among other electrical appliances. In addition, many homes, offices, malls, hospitals, schools, among others need an electrical engineer to ensure that everything runs as intended. Electrical engineers generally provide important services in society, which ensure that all

Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals Research Paper

Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals - Research Paper Example In self-identity theory this is a process known as â€Å"self-categorization† and in identity theory the process is referred to as â€Å"identification† (Stets & Burke, 2000, p. 224). Sexual orientation is among the factors that come into play in the process of forming an identity. This essay takes the position that homosexual identity in teens is a life-time development process that is intricately tied to personal identity. In particular, gay teens in Western countries are predisposed to experience conflicts and a great deal of stress as a result of overwhelming homophobic cultural influences (Vare & Norton, 1998). Essentially, it is argued that the formation of identity in homosexual teens is fraught by a prevailing culture that discriminates against sexual orientation that is inconsistent with what the dominant culture views as â€Å"normal† (Vare & Norton, 1998, p. 327). The Western media has played a significant role in the perpetuation of homosexual identity by portraying stereotypical homosexual males (Sutton, 2007). These stereotypical gay males are essentially cast by the media in fashion and primarily the creative arts. This portrayal of homosexuals creates the impression that gay men are creative and denies consideration of the possibility that gays may be from among the lower and higher sectors of the community (Sutton, 2007). The media’s role in the formation of homosexual identity is thus one of ascription which invariably influences how the teen homosexual adopts to and achieves his or her personal identity as a homosexual. Thus this paper is formulated around three research questions: 1. How does being homosexual or gal effect teenager’s identity formation? 2. Does the media glorify being a homosexual/gay? 3. Does the media help with being accepting? This paper is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper analyzes theoretical perspectives on personal identity in teens and thus explores the environmental and personal factors that influence personal identity along the path of ascription, achievement and adoption. The second part of this paper analyzes more directly, how personal identity is formed among homosexual teens and thus identifies the factors influencing ascription, achievement and adoption of homosexual identity. The third part of this paper analyzes the role that the media plays in identity formation in homosexual teens. Personal Identity Formation in Teens Neff and McGehee (2010) inform that self-identity is a major exercise for teens. During adolescence, the teen is typically experiencing a number of emotional difficulties associated with issues related to evaluating and perceiving the self. The teen also goes through a process of comparing the self with social realities and attempting to find a self-identity and determining where the teem fits into the â€Å"social hiera rchy† (Neff & McGehee, 2010, p. 225). According to Neff and McGehee (2010), invariably, the teen’s self-evaluation and comparisons end up with a negative self-analysis as the teen is typically confronting a number of stressors such as concerns over: academic performance, the need to be popular and ‘fit in’ with the right peer crowd, body image, concerns with sexual attractiveness, and so on†¦(p. 225). However, Erikson’s (1968 cited in Sokol, 2009) theory of identity development, while it speaks to this process as one of crisis, it encompasses more broadly a journey to achievement and thus encompassing ascribing and adopting. Thus according to Erikson (1968cited in Sokol, 2009), the word crisis in terms of identity formation is â€Å"not a threat of catastrophe,† rather it is a â€Å"turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential†

Australian Stereotypes Essay Example for Free

Australian Stereotypes Essay Stereotyping the Australians has always been a common practice by people all around the world. In fact, Australia has been classified as one of the most stereotyped nations in the world due to the sense that much of the international community believes that they have a solid understanding regarding Australian society, despite the fact that their beliefs bear little similarities to the realities of Australian life in the 21st Century. Australia is a complex nation that is riddled with assumptions that are downright false, and sometimes ridiculous. There’s no denying it – as soon the word ‘Australia’ is out, our mind automatically paints a certain glossy picture. For starters, people have assumed that the Australians love to barbecue all the time. Now, while everyone loves a scrumptious and moist barbecued chicken, who in the world would have the time (or patience) to spend the whole morning barbecuing steaks and chicken just to provide a simple breakfast, and repeat the tedious process again for lunch and dinner every single day? The baneful clean-up process and charcoal stains are simply enough to test my patience. However, people in the nationwide has evoke countless of preconceptions that the Aussies are found to be a bunch of barbecue-addicted people, much to the annoyance of the Australians. The real question is ; how did this Australian stereotype become so viral? Australia itself is culpable. Tourism Australia has tried to boost their tourism industries by commercializing Australians with a fresh and rejuvenating look such as the stereotypical â€Å"beach and bimbos† image popularised in the 1980s. However, the portrayal that Aussies loves hang out at the beach every day and ‘put another shrimp on the barbecue’ (or barbie, in the Australian slang) apparently bears a scanty resemblance with the reality. Nick Bryant, a Sydney correspondent also suggested that the popularity of television programs such as Neighbours and Home and Away only rendered the British public to carry a superficial perception of Australia that is not representative of the majority of the nation. Throw another shrimp on the barbie was a 1980s tourism slogan by Paul Hogan which remains as one of the most recognisable quotes associated with Australia within the international community. Another popular Australian stereotype is being belligerent drunkards. People have always assumed that the cities of Australia are full of drunken people, empty scotch bottles and foul alcohol stenches. However, if you happen to walk at the streets of Melbourne, you will realize that it is just like any conventional city, bustling with working ladies and man as opposed to the stereotypical view. Studies have also proved that the country only ranks 44th in terms of global alcohol consumption as opposed to the 17th ranking of the UK. In a nutshell, some of the stereotypical views on Australians are proved to be untrue although some parts of them that are quite true. Stereotypes can be hard to avoid, so my advice is DO NOT always believe what you hear! Many things are always not what they are seemed to be so always do a little research first before ascertaining its validity.

St Augustine and classical education Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saint Augustine and Classical Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Saint Augustine’s deeply personal work, Confessions, he shares the story of his life up to his eventual conversion to the Christian faith. His odyssey through life is, at times, one of bitter inner conflict between his intellect and faith. Augustine’s classical education had a profound affect on the way he viewed the world, and eventually had a major affect on the way he approached Christianity. He is definitely an â€Å"intellectual† Christian, and viewed many aspects of his faith from this perspective. Augustine’s attitude towards classical literature and thought was at times slightly self-contradictory. It is clear, however, that although he was grateful for the education he was given, it was not necessary to his conversion. At many points throughout his life, his education actually seemed to hinder his flight towards Christianity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Augustine continually incorporated Bible verses and passages into his own writing, artfully blending the Scriptures in with his own views. His attitude toward intellect is best illustrated by this short passage in Corinthians: â€Å"For the foolishness of God is wiser than man’s wisdom, and the weakness of God is stronger than man’s strength†¦ but God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise; God chose the weak things of the world to shame the strong† -(Corinthians 25-28) Augustine believed that the pursuit of wisdom without recognizing the importance and the power of God was useless. In his view it was a sin for a man to have that much pride and arrogance about his own intellect. Augustine recalled that as a very young man he himself succumbed to excessive pride. He fervently desired the recognition and prestige that came with being an accomplished rhetorician. He â€Å"squandered the brains [God] gave [him] on foolish delusions.† (I, 37) Augustine considered his pursuit of worldly wisdom a futile effort at this point in his life because he did not fully understand the meaning behind what he was learning. â€Å" I read and understood by myself all the books that I could find on the so-called liberal arts, for in those days I was a good-for-nothing and a slave to sordid ambitions. But what advantage did I gain from them? I read them with pleasure, but I did not kno... ...p of faith.† He knew then that he had to leave part of his philosophical pursuits behind and commit himself fully to Christ. â€Å"For I felt that I was still the captive of my sins, and in my misery I kept crying ‘How long shall I go on saying, â€Å"tomorrow, tomorrow†? Why not now? Why not make an end of my ugly sins at this moment?’† (VIII, 177)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Augustine then heard a child say â€Å"Take it and read, take it and read,† and he interpreted that as a divine command to pick up the Bible. He read the first section he opened to, Paul, and made the decision to become a celibate and devoted servant of God. Augustine was a rationalist man throughout the work, and yet his most defining moment is one of pure faith. Only after years of personal struggle did Augustine arrive at his own religious revelation. This ultimately made his conversion much more profound. To fully and eloquently express himself and his thoughts was essential to his writings. Clearly, he used his knowledge of rhetoric and the arts to express his views more effectively. His prose is both immaculate and powerful. The result was a masterpiece that greatly affected the growth of early Christianity.

Analysis Cambodias Health System Health And Social Care Essay

Cambodia is one of the poorest states in South-east Asia, with about 34.7 % of its entire population life below the poorness line. Cambodia is still emerging from decennaries of civil war and political instability, which had lay waste toing effects on Her wellness systems, and although there has been steady betterment in Her wellness indexs in recent old ages, the wellness position of its populates is among the worst in the Asia and Pacific part, with high baby, kid and maternal mortality rates. The wellness sector reform which occurred after the war has resulted in singular successes in the national wellness system, nevertheless despite these successes, several challenges and issues still exist in the wellness system which could be addressed with executable schemes. Critical Analysis of cardinal challenges and successes within Cambodia ‘s wellness system: Administration agreements concentrating on organisation and direction of the wellness system: The administration agreement originated from the wellness sector reforms which lead to the formation of a three tier system-Central, Provincial and District degrees. The Central degree is being managed by the Minister of wellness as the main executive, and comprises of three directorates-Health, Finance and disposal, and Inspection, with their several board of directors generals who supervises and monitors the assorted subordinate sections and offices. The Provincial degree is being managed by the provincial managers who supervises service bringing and ensures effectual use of resources in their several operational territories. The territory degree is being managed through public-private partnership by territory wellness attention troughs and in-between degree troughs from the non-governmental Organizations who supervise wellness service bringing in their several territories. The public-private partnership in the direction of the territory degree by the ministry of wellness and non-governmental organisation has showed important success in accomplishing dramatic addition in wellness service coverage and decrease in out-of-pocket outgos. A survey done in Mamut state showed an betterment in the direction of wellness installations in footings of handiness of 24 service, handiness of equipments and supplies, supervisory visits and presence of wellness staffs when they are scheduled to be on responsibility. However, despite these successes, the wellness system administration and direction capacity at the provincial degree is limited therefore ensuing in the in-between degree directors at the territory degrees being supervised adequately by their several provincial managers. Resource coevals, allotment and direction: Cambodia ‘s wellness sector is being financed by Government grosss, external giver assistance and private ( out-of-the pocket payment ) .Government ‘s budget for wellness has increased significantly in recent old ages making $ 9.4 per capital in 2009, which is rather high in South-east Asia. External giver assistance is twice authorities gross, with the wellness sector extremely dependent on giver support. However despite the increasing investing in wellness finance from authorities budget and other external givers, private ( out-of-the pocket ) outgo still accounts for the largest part of wellness outgo which is spent on uncontrolled private wellness attention. Furthermore despite entire increased wellness outgo, cardinal wellness indexs are still weaker than in neighboring states that spend less money on wellness, the challenge nevertheless is more of allotment and effectual usage of financess instead than unequal fundss. Budget executing have improved in recent old ages with timely releases, nevertheless allotment of financess to the provincial and territory degrees tend to be really slow at the beginning of the twelvemonth due to the figure of blessing stairss that have to be met before the financess are disbursed. When the financess are eventually disbursed, wellness installations below the provincial degree do non hold a elaborate budget program and are non accountable for the usage of finance taking to uneffective usage of resources. The measure of wellness professionals is low with a low staff to population ratio of 1:1000 ; half of WHO ‘s recommendation. However compared to Sub-Saharan Africa, Cambodia has about twice the figure of physicians per population. However the chief challenge is deficit of wellness staffs in the rural countries particularly accoucheuses and nurses due to hapless staff reimbursement and besides the inadequate accomplishment and competency of wellness workers ensuing in uneffective bringing of wellness services. Main national and international influences and their effects on equity: The many old ages of war and political convulsion resulted in the limited wellness installations and wellness workers particularly in rural countries. However after the war, several wellness reforms were enacted in the countries of wellness funding, wellness coverage program and wellness direction which aimed at advancing equity, increasing coverage and cut downing urban-rural disparities in accessing wellness attention services. The wellness equity fund is being financed by the authorities and non -governmental organisations and has provided the hapless entree to liberate and quality wellness attention services. In a survey done in Kampong Cham the biggest state in Cambodia, the figure of bringings in wellness installations had increased by 28 % after the debut of the fund strategy and this accounted for 40 % of bringings among the hapless, therefore enabling hapless adult females who used to present at place with the aid of an unskilled traditional birth attender deliver in a wellness installations under the attention of a skilled birth attender. The wellness coverage policy resulted in the development of the territory based wellness attention system with the Reconstruction of wellness installations and territory, which were distributed harmonizing to population coverage ensuing in increased geographic entree to wellness installations particularly in the rural countries. However, due to the hapless wages and rewards of wellness workers, most of the wellness installations in the distant countries remain short-handed and under-utilized, ensuing in people seeking wellness services from traditional therapists and unqualified private service suppliers despite the available of the financess and wellness installations taking to high out-of the pocket disbursement and hapless wellness position of the people. External giver assistance plays a important function in funding wellness attention services, accounting for approximately 50 % of the entire wellness outgo. Donor ‘s support has contributed significantly in heightening wellness sector development taking to an betterment in the wellness of people of Cambodia particularly female parents and kids, which has resulted in decreased maternal and child mortality rates, reduced entire birthrate rates, improved nutritionary position among adult females and kids and a more effectual wellness system. However this support has been provided in a disintegrated mode which is ill aligned with authorities precedences despite attempts made with the Sector broad direction ( Swim ) procedure. Furthermore donor bureaus tend to work independent of each other, taking to disintegrated support of the wellness sector which is controlled by the giver ‘s precedences: which focus on four chief areas-HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Maternal and Child wellness. Consequently ill aiming the demands of the hazard population and therefore pretermiting other facets of the wellness system where it is most needful. The wellness sector of Cambodia is extremely dependent on Donor support, ensuing in the non-governmental organisations playing a important function in policy devising and execution and act uponing the precedences of the heath sector which are curative- based with less accent on public wellness practises. Resulting in preventable diseases such as diarrhea, dandy fever febrility and vaccinum preventable diseases being the major causes of decease in Cambodia. Schemes for bettering administration agreement: The administration and direction capacity at the provincial degree should be improved through wellness system beef uping and capacity edifice attempts therefore increasing the capacity of the provincial managers to publish, design and supervise the activities of the assorted several territories. This would be implemented through edifice effectual co-ordination and coaction procedure between the provincial managers and private suppliers for effectual bringing of wellness attention services through regulative mechanisms. Schemes for bettering funding and human resource coevals, allotment and direction: The allotment and direction of fiscal resources to provincial and territory degrees should be improved through decentalisation of budgets and beef uping the system for tracking budgets and outgos. The decentalisation of budgets would ensue in the decrease of the figure of blessing stairss therefore bettering the eternity of budget allotment to provincial and territory degrees. Efficient direction of fiscal resources would be done through the formation of an efficient budgeting and scrutinizing system therefore doing wellness installations account for their usage of resources. The distribution of wellness professionals should be improved through deploying wellness professionals particularly accoucheuses and nurses to remote countries on contracts footing with inducements and bettering staff wage through rural allowances and installation based salary supplementation from user fees. In a long tally, the figure of wellness professionals in distant countries can be increased by acknowledging more pupils into schools and universities and deploying them to function in distant countries as a requirement to being for good registered, this scheme has worked with good consequences in Nigeria. The professional expertness and proficiency of wellness attention workers particularly accoucheuses and nurses should be improved through pre-service and in-service preparation which should be done quarterly with more accent on clinical and public wellness practises. This would ensue in improved public presentation and distribution of wellness attention workers therefore cut downing the inequalities in the wellness position of the people of Cambodia. Schemes for turn toing national and international influences and their effects on equity: The coordination of giver ‘s support should be improved through the sector broad attack procedure ( SWAP ) by alining the giver ‘s precedences and funding with the wellness sector precedences and beef uping the co-ordination of giver ‘s support and activities through pooling agreement therefore ensuing in efficient usage of resources towards accomplishing the National wellness sector ‘s marks. However strong authorities leading, political committedness, efficient direction organic structure and doing a policy to its consequence will be indispensable in doing the scheme accomplishable. The sector broad attack procedure would be implemented by doing it a constituent of the Health sector strategic program, which would be endorsed by all external givers, with a set of indexs which would be used for measuring the execution of the policy and the wellness sector ‘s advancement, set uping a codification of behavior which would be signed by the authorities and development spouses and organizing a sector co-ordination commission who would urge and inform the external givers of cardinal determinations related to the policies and precedences of the wellness sector. This attack has worked in Mozambique ; who has a similar context like Cambodia in footings of fragmented support by external givers, heavy trust on external giver assistance and station -conflict state of affairs with much success. The hapless wage and rewards of wellness attention workers particularly in distant countries should be improved through the usage of equity financess and user fees to supplement the wages of wellness workers. This would be implemented through the allotment of 60 % of the financess to be used in supplementing the rewards of wellness workers with conditions attached: which would include public presentation and figure of hours worked. This attack has been piloted with important success in Vietnam ensuing in wellness workers gaining more money by working in public rural wellness installations ensuing in an addition in the figure of wellness workers in those installations. Decision: The wellness position of the Cambodians has improved significantly since the post-war period. Two of the measurings used for specifying the quality of the wellness system-Infant and Child mortality rates have improved significiantly, nevertheless Maternal mortality has non improved significantly, staying a greater concern, though important advancement have been made in child wellness, maternal and generative wellness. Consequently beef uping of the wellness system in Cambodia is really important in bettering the efficiency and effectivity of wellness service bringing.

Qualifications or Experiences Is Important? Essay

Linh: Today, we’ll talk about the topic: experience and qualifications. And there’s a statement that: â€Å"Experience and ability are more important than qualifications†. Do you agree or not agree? Let’s discuss it with two members in my group. Hi, Tam! What do you think? Tam: Um, I think qualifications are more important. Because if we have no paper qualification, we’ll have a lot of difficuties when we begin to work or apply for a job. Because we don’t have basic knowledge and chance to get insight into a specific field that we’ll work. So, many people say that: â€Å"University is a key to open a new window to our future.† And every year, students who finish school, they often enter a university and try their best to achieve. Because it is not easy to pass exams. Therefore, the way that we go will longer and hard when going to college. Linh: Yes, I do agree with your opinion, but you know, university is not the only wa to go in life. In reality, many people achieve their goals but have no qualifications. They sucess because of their effort and their ability. You know, they always want to have knowledge as much as possible. They study at university and experience themselves on part-time job in their free time. And it brings so much experience. So, although they don’t succeed on their studying, they still accumulate much experience and ability for themselves. In the end, they become a professional in field which they are working. How about you, Ngoc? Ngoc: yes, I agree with Linh and Tam. Students who graduate at university doesn’t always reflect true their ability. Because a person’s true ablility have to show by passing interview when he or she applies for a job. But most interviews is not only acquired test about knowledge that he learned at college but also practice or experience in life. Because, at university, he is learned theory than practice. Do you think so? Linh: Yes,right! Tam: Ok, I agree. Linh: So, my group go to conclusion is that experience and ability are as important as university qualifications. They are always necessary for everyone. Thank you for your listening!

Jean-Jaques Rousseau - Emile Response Paper

Jean-Jaques Rousseau - Emile Response Paper Free Online Research Papers In every text thus far assigned, the female sex has been largely ignored. Men write of a ‘Social Contract’ where a person’s freedoms and rights are taken into account, only if that person is a man. Rousseau is the first to address women and how they should be viewed and treated under his sexual contract. Rousseau begins by simply stating that there are physical differences between men and women. It is in these anatomical differences that he derives his rationalization for the subjugation of all women. â€Å"By comparative anatomy and even by mere inspection one can find general differences between them that seem to be unrelated to sex. However these differences do relate to sex through connections that we cannot perceive.†(Rousseau, 1) The differences begin with the sexual anatomical differences and spread from there. He makes the astounding leap that physical differences must influence morals. He has no concrete proof save that of past experience, taking no note of the fact that prior subjugation of women might have already influenced the morals of both sexes instead of the other way around. His faulty logic basically spreads like a plague from this point on. Rousseau makes the seemingly sensible (from a modern standpoint) statement that â€Å"In the union of sexes, each alike contributes to the common end but not in the same way.† (Rousseau, 1) He then springboards from there, stating that men are powerful and women are weak. Woman is made to please a man, but it is not quite as necessary for the man to please the woman. He doesn’t have to try so hard at it. She should just be pleased through his natural strength. Subsequently, women gain their strength through sexually tempting man and then pushing him away. Man will always force himself. Woman always resists, just less so when she actually wants to procreate. This is one way in which Rousseau legitimizes the forced sex acts upon women, reversing the true nature of the situation so that women seem in control of their own rape. Later, Rousseau goes on to state that a woman’s place in society is dependent upon the opinions of that society. â€Å"Worth alone will not suffice, a woman must be thought worthy;† (Rousseau, 4) From here, he goes on to deduce that since this opinion is all that matters, women want to please men. That is what they live for, to please men and to rear their children. He stipulates that women should only want to please men who have a manly character – a man of â€Å"worth.† (Rousseau, 5) The last issue Rousseau takes up is women’s freedom. He writes that women should be given some freedom, but at the height of it, when they are enjoying themselves, it should be taken away. This constant restraint will lead to a natural docility â€Å"which woman requires all her life, for she will always be in subjugation to a man, or to man’s judgment, and she will never be free to set her own opinion above his.† It is this idea that leads to important political consequences. It is the final statement that shows mans domination over woman and how it is a product of the sexual contract. This suppression of women can only end up in one type of society, a patriarchy. A governmental system is then created based on this, where political right is based on sexual right and women have no sexual rights, according to Rousseau. â€Å"The original pact is a sexual as well as a social contract: it is sexual in the sense of patriarchal – that is, the contract establishes men’s political right over women – and also sexual in the sense of establishing orderly access by men to women’s bodies.† (Pateman, 2) If women have no sexual rights, then they also have no political rights. The consequences are extraordinarily negative for women. They have absolutely no representation in the political arena. Thus, they are not able to speak for themselves, promote new ways of thinking and get new laws passed. In this way, they are held down more permanently. It is amazing to think we were ever able to rise above this so much as we have today. Research Papers on Jean-Jaques Rousseau - "Emile" Response PaperThe Equal Rights AmendmentLegalization of Same Sex MarriagesThe Colour PurpleThe Fifth HorsemanImpact of Breast CancerBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettCombating Human TraffickingDeontological Teleological TheoriesThe Broken FamilySexually Transmitted Diseases

Learn More About How Communication Media Has Evolved

Learn More About How Communication Media Has Evolved Smart newspapermen of the time paid attention when the telegraph was invented. The New York Herald, the Sun and the Tribune had been founded recently. The proprietors of these newspapers saw that the telegraph was bound to affect all newspapers profoundly. How were the newspapers to cope with the situation and make use of the news that was coming in and would be coming in more and faster over the wires? Improved Newspaper Presses For one thing, the newspapers now needed better printing machinery. Steam-powered printing in America had begun. New printing presses were introduced in the United States by Robert Hoe at the same time as Samuel Morse was struggling to perfect the telegraph. Before steam power, newspapers printed in the United States used presses operated by hand. The New York Sun, the pioneer of cheap modern newspapers, was printed by hand in 1833, and four hundred papers an hour was the highest speed of one press. Robert Hoes double-cylinder, steam-driven printing press was an improvement, however, it was Hoes son that invented the modern newspaper press. In 1845, Richard March Hoe invented the revolving or rotary press letting newspapers print at rates of a hundred thousand copies an hour. Newspaper publishers now had the fast Hoe presses, cheap paper, could type cast by machinery, had stereotyping and the new process of making pictures by photoengraving replacing engraving on wood. However, the newspapers of 1885, still set up their type by the same method that Benjamin Franklin used to set up the type for The Pennsylvania Gazette. The compositor stood or sat at his case, with his copy before him, and picked the type up letter by letter until he had filled and correctly spaced a line. Then he would set another line, and so on, all with his hands. After the job was completed, the type had to be distributed again, letter by letter. Typesetting was slow and expensive. Linotype and Monotype This labor of manual typesetting was done away with by the invention of two intricate and ingenious machines. The linotype, invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler of Baltimore, and the monotype of Tolbert Lanston, a native of Ohio. However, the linotype became the favorite composing machine for newspapers. The Invention of the Typewriter While  new  technology for printing newspapers was being developed, another instrument for journalists was coming into existence, the  typewriter. Early Typewriters Alfred Ely Beach made  a sort of typewriter  as early as 1847, but he neglected it for other things. His typewriter had many of the features of the modern typewriter, however, it lacked a satisfactory method of  inking  the types. In 1857, S. W. Francis of New York invented  a typewriter  with a ribbon that was saturated with ink. Neither of these typewriters  were  a commercial success. They were regarded merely as the toys of ingenious men. Christopher Latham Sholes The accredited father of the typewriter was Wisconsin newspaperman, Christopher Latham Sholes. After his printers went on strike, Sholes made a few unsuccessful attempts to invent a typesetting  machine. He then, in collaboration with another printer, Samuel Soule, invented a numbering  machine. A friend, Carlos Glidden saw this ingenious device and suggested that they should try to invent  a machine  that print letters. The three men, Sholes, Soule, and Glidden agreed to try to invent such  a machine. None of them had studied the efforts of previous experimenters, and they made many errors which might have been avoided. Gradually, however, the invention took form and the inventors were granted patents in June and July of 1868. However, their typewriter was easily broken and made mistakes. Investor, James Densmore bought a share in the machine buying out Soule and Glidden. Densmore furnished the funds to build about thirty models in succession, each a little better than the preceding. The improved machine was patented in 1871, and the partners felt that they were ready to begin manufacturing. Sholes Offers the Typewriter to Remington In 1873, James Densmore and Christopher Sholes offered their machine to Eliphalet Remington and Sons, manufacturers of firearms and sewing machines. In Remingtons well-equipped machine  shops  the typewriter was tested, strengthened, and improved. The Remingtons believed there would be a demand for the typewriter and offered to buy the patents, paying either a lump  sum,  or a royalty. Sholes preferred the ready cash and received twelve thousand dollars, while Densmore chose the royalty and received a million and a half. The Invention of the Phonograph The telegraph, the press, and the typewriter were agents of communication for the written word. The telephone was an agent for the spoken word. Another instrument for recording sound and reproducing it was the phonograph (record player). In 1877,  Thomas Alva Edison  completed his first  phonograph. The phonograph worked by translating the air vibrations created by the human voice into minute indentations on a sheet of tinfoil placed over a metallic cylinder, and the machine could then reproduce the sounds which had caused the indentations. The record wore out after a few reproductions, however, and Edison was too busy to develop his idea further until later. Other did. Phonograph machines  were invented under a variety of different names, however, all reproduced with wonderful fidelity the human voice, in speech or song, and the tones of either a single instrument or a whole orchestra. Through these machines, good music was brought to those who could hear it in no other way. The Camera and Photography The last half century of the 1800s saw great advances in photography and photoengraving. While the first experiments in photography happened in Europe,  Samuel Morse, introduced photography to America, in particular to his friend John Draper. Draper had a part in the perfection of the  dry plate  (the first negatives) and was one of the  first photographers to  do  portrait photography. George Eastman A great inventor in  photographic  technology was  George Eastman  from Rochester, New York. In 1888,  George Eastman  introduced a  new camera, which he called Kodak, and with it the sales slogan: You press the button, we do the rest. The  first Kodak  camera was pre-loaded with a roll of sensitized paper (film) that could take a hundred pictures.  A film roll  that could be sent away for developing and printing (at first the entire camera was sent). Eastman had been an amateur photographer when the hobby was both expensive and tedious. After inventing a method of making dry plates, he began to manufacture them as early as 1880 before invented  roll film. After the first Kodak, there came other cameras filled with rolls of sensitized nitro-cellulose film. The invention of cellulose film (that replaced the glass dry plate) revolutionized photography. Both Reverend Hannibal Goodwin and George Eastman patented nitro-cellulose film, however, after a court battle Goodwins patent was upheld as being first. The  Eastman Kodak Company  introduced the first film cartridge which could be inserted or removed without the need of a dark room, that created a boom in the market for amateur photographers. The Birth of Motion Pictures In the development of  Thomas Alva Edison  played a large part. Edison had seen a crude system made of Henry Heyl of Philadelphia. Heyl used glass plates fixed to the circumference of a wheel, each plate rotated in front of a lens. This method of pictures in motions was slow and expensive. Edison after seeing the Heyl show, and after experimenting with other methods decided that a continuous tape-like strip of film needed to be used. He invented the first practical motion picture camera and with the cooperation of  George Eastman  started producing the new tape-like film, giving birth to the modern motion picture industry.  The motion picture projector  was invented to show what the new camera and film captured. Other inventors, such as Paul in England and  Lumiere  in France, produced other types of projecting machines, which differed in some mechanical details. Public Reaction to Motion Pictures When  the motion picture  was shown in the United States, the audiences were amazed. Popular actors moved from stage into the movies. In the small town, early movie theaters were often converted storeroom, and in the cities, some of the largest and most attractive theaters converted into movie theaters, and new theaters were specially built. The Eastman Company soon manufactured about ten thousand miles of film every month. Besides offering amusement, the new moving pictures were used for important news events, historical events could now be visually preserved for posterity.

Operations Management course. Memo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Operations Management course. Memo - Case Study Example Although CX Technologies has been able to maintain its position in the market, growth has plateaued and with the incoming recession, business is set to go down further. Bhole e.al states that the company’s expansion into the Asian market recently and considering the positive outcomes of this expansion, the probability of succeeding into the automotive industry is high (7-8). According to observers, the automotive industry faces a bleak future, considering that many people are more apprehensive about rising gas prices, a factor that has led to lower vehicle purchases. The situation has been aggravated by the fact that the largest three manufactures have approached the government in search of caution against the recession. According to Bhole et.al, possibilities for success are raised by the sheer size of the industry in the United States is a major motivating factor in this expansion (7). This allows for CX Technology to penetrate the market and offer competitively lower prices, since the company’s personnel are enough to provide the needed labor. With branches in Asia already, the company is in a good position to tap into the Chinese market and take advantage of the growing economy and demand for automobiles. This is a risky project because it puts the entire future of the company at stake. If the decision is made to follow up with the plan, then the company risks running bankrupt, especially considering the current recession. If the proposal into expand to the automotive industry is passed, then feasibility studies need to be undertaken as soon as possible. The company’s entire workforce is to be notified about the new enterprise, so as to be prepared to provide the necessary labor. In conclusion, every business needs to take a risk once in a while and test new opportunities; otherwise it risks stagnation and monotony. Venturing into the automotive industry seems like a worthwhile risk for CX Technology, in an effort to grow the company’s

An Analysis of Advertising Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

An Analysis of Advertising - Assignment Example What is more, in accordance with Steinbeck, material well-being and financial security are among the most things for Americans, on which they depend a lot even though they regard themselves as independent, self-sufficient and self-reliant. Furthermore, among the characteristic features of Americans is the inconsistency of their behavior and their tendency to â€Å"function by paradox†, which means that they themselves cancel their rules and habits by introducing new ones (Steinbeck). Finally, Americans live in accordance with the American Way of Life despite the fact that nobody can give a clear definition of what constitutes it and what it means. In this very paper, the way the commercials reflect the traits of Americans will be analyzed. More specifically, the correctness and usefulness of illustration in understanding the characteristics of Americans will be touched upon. For this purpose, five particular traits have been chosen from the article by John Steinbeck. Among them are the following ones: Americans’ tendency to act excessively (â€Å"for the most part we are an intemperate people†), being dependent on money (â€Å"we are complacent in our possessions, in our houses, in our education; but it is hard to find a man or woman who does not want something better for the next generation†), being good to unknown people (â€Å"Americans are remarkably kind and hospitable and open with both guests and strangers†), having a belief in self-sufficiency (â€Å"we believe [†¦] that we have inherited self-sufficiency and the ability to take care ourselves†), and being charitable in case the re is spare money (â€Å"if we have enough gold – we contribute it back to the nation in the form of foundations and charities† (Steinbeck). For this purpose, five commercials have been chosen: Audi commercial, a commercial that presents new contract option from T-Mobile,

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release Essay

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release - Essay Example Immediately rescue efforts began, but two days later, another shaft collapsed halting the rescue operation of the crews for many hours. Indeed, in such a situation, the company would need to be more cautious in how the world is notified of the incidence (Lusted, 2012). Basically, there are two ways in which the company would be expected to communicate information. The first being directed to the families of the workers trapped, the second to the other employees and finally, to the press. Those chosen to relay the information would be expected to be more careful so as to keep the goodwill of the company unaffected while ensuring that all the information is truthfully and accurately conveyed (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). This may be achieved by knowing the potential needs of the families of the miners and that of the company’s employees. In this respect, the family members need consolation and the assurance that the company did its best to help save lives and prevent further losses. The employees need the assurance that the company is concerned about their safety and welfare. The potential needs of the families of trapped miners in receiving a message concerning this incident would include among other things a detailed information of any potential dangers to the trapped miners, clear steps the company is taking with actual details and times, in order to convince the families that no opportunity or expense is being spared by the company to rescue their loved ones. It is also critical at the onset of the disaster to provide information relating to the identities and number of miners trapped (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). The potential needs of employees of the company in receiving the message about this incidence would include knowledge of the identity, the number of colleagues trapped, and the efforts being made by the company in an attempt to save their tapped colleagues.

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Travelling sales man problem is one of the challenging problems in the real life and also most well studied combinatorial optimization problem. Many Researches from different fields like operational research, algorithms design and including artificial intelligence attract by it. This problem has been studied by different researches and come up with different solutions and this problem has been solved by using different algorithms like Blind search, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic algorithm and Genetic algorithms etc. the problem was formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930 and later it is used as bench mark for many optimal solution. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Travelling salesman has a task of visiting N number of cities. He will start from a home location and want to visit each city just once and return back to the original location from where he starts. Travelling salesman route will be plan in such a way that in a given N number of cities cost of travelling from one city to any other city what is the minimum round trip route that visit each city once and then return to the starting place. The goal is to find the shortest tour that visit each city in a given cities exactly ones and then return to the starting city. The only solution to the travelling salesman problem is to calculate and compare the length of all possible ordered combinations. 1.2 History of travelling salesman problem: The travelling salesman problem was treated by a Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the early 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman work on game called Hamilton Icosian game that requires player to complete tours through 20 points using only the specified connections. The general form of the travelling salesman problem studied by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He defines the problem using brute force algorithms and observed nearest neighbour heuristic non optimality. Soon after the name travelling salesman problem introduced by hassler Whitney at princeton university. In the 1940s the Travelling salesman problem was studied by statisticians Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took a sample survey of acreage under jute in Bengal discussed aspects of travelling salesman solutions through randomly chosen locations in the Euclidean plane. And this work is deal with survey of form lands one of the major cost to carrying out the survey was the transport ion of men equipment from one survey point to next. During the period between 1950s and 1960 the problem becomes more popular in scientific group in Europe and USA. a number of solutions designed by George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller publi shed an 88 report which contains many basic solutions on the travelling salesman polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet published graphic solution of travelling salesman problem which describes an enumeration scheme for computing near optimal tours. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic algorithm for a 57 city problem. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held published an article about the travelling salesman and minimum spanning tree which introduced one tree relaxation of the travelling salesman problem and using node weights to improve the bound given by optimal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook developed the programme for travelling salesman problem which are using recently. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Travelling salesman problem modelled as graph: Travelling salesman problem can be modelled as Graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to find the shortest tour that visits each city in a given graph exactly ones and then return to the starting city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To solve travelling salesman problem we can use different types of algorithms like blind search, heuristic algorithms, uniform cost search etc 3.1 Blind search: Blind search algorithms are such algorithms which does not contain domain knowledge of the problem and it search blindly, hence it is called blind search algorithm. The only thing a blind search can do is it describes a non goal state from goal state. Assume that you are at city A and you want to reach at city D, if we draw a search tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a blind search will have no idea which node should explore first, hence it explore each and every node blindly. In blind search we may not get information we can use. We just be looking for an answer and we wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we found it. The blind search is also called as un informed search. Blind search is divided into two searches Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first search and 2) Depth first search 3.2 Breadth first search: Breadth first search is a search which starts at one node and it expands the all the neighbour node then after completing those nodes, it expands remaining nodes unexpanded it process is continues up to reaching a goal. The technique followed by breadth first search is FIFO first in first out) queue, the difference between breadth first and depth first search is, the depth first uses stack i.e. LIFO (last in first out). In this logic the items which are added is equal to the item which are deleted. This process continues up to reach a goal. 3.3 Depth first search: Depth first search is a general technique for traversing a graph. The technique which organise the to Do list was stack that is last in first out (LIFO). Depth first search start at one node and it explore as far as possible along each branch until a required goal node is found. Then it takes backtracking and return to the next node which it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t finished exploring and it keep on repeat the same procedure until it reaches to its goal. If Depth first search goes down a infinite branch and if it does not find a goal state or if it does not find the solution may be a better solution at a higher level in tree. Therefore depth first search is neither complete nor optimal. ALGORITHM: INPUT : A connected graph G ,a starting vertex 1 OUTPUT: An ordered spannig tree T of graph G with root vertex 1 Initialize tree as vertex 1 Initialize S as the set of proper edges incident on vertex 1 While s not equal to null Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Let w be the non tree end point of edge e. Add edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree diagram we are using Depth first search, from the graph the sales man starts at node a and visits each node and return to original node Step1: from node 1 there is a three ways to travel i.e. node 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following depth first search condition LIFO it expands node 2 until the goal reach So for node 2 there is a two ways to travel i.e. node5 and node4 there is only one way for sales man to reach node 3 so this is not minimal path to travel. After expanding first branch sales man reaches node 3 from node 3 sales man reaches node4 With path length of 8 and from node 4 he reaches node2 with path length of 5 and from node 2 sales man reaches node5 with path length of 6 then length of whole sub tree is 27. After expanding of second branch sales man expands node 5, from node 5 sales man travels node 2 with path length of 6 then from node2 sales man reaches node 4 with path length of 5 From node 4 sales man reaches node 3 path length of 8.then length of whole sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales man will not visit those not which have already visited. the left vertices in the graph are chosen before right, from above to roots the minimum spanning tree path is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best minimum root for sales man to visit each city started at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree diagram we are applying depth first search on which sales man starting at node 2. From starting city we have three ways to travel i.e. node 1, node4 and node5. From node 1 sales man has again to two ways to travel i.e. node3 and node5.from node 3 it reaches node 4. but here if we want to visit node5 we have to backtrack again it will not satisfy the condition visiting a city once so we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach goal here sales man expands neighbour node 4, from node 4 sales man reaches node 3 with path length of 8, then sales man processed to node 1with path length of 8, then sales man visits node 5 from node 1 with path length of 7. The length of whole sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. After expanding node4 travel sales man moves to node 5, from node 5 he reaches node1 path length of 7,from node 1 sales man reaches node 3 the path length of 8 and he proceeds to node 4 from node 3 with path length of 8,then whole length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales man follow the condition that visiting each city, then the the best minimum cost route starting at node 2 is 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Informed search is an estimate availability of the distance (cost) from each node(city) to the goal. This estimation will help you to head into the correct direction. The outline of inform search are heuristic search, best first search, greedy search and A* search 5.1 Heuristic search: Heuristic uses domain specific knowledge to estimate the quality or potential of partial solution .A heuristic search that find a good solution in less time comparing to blind search but not always find best solution. This search is very much useful for solving big problem which may may not solved by using other search and this search generate a possible solution which can be either route from the initial location or goal in the problem. For travelling salesman problem the nearest neighbour heuristic work well, but some time due to the arrangement of cites it will not find the shortest route. 5.2 Best first search: Best first search is a general approach of the tree search algorithm. In which it expand a nodes which is based upon a evaluation function. The estimation of cost is constructed as evaluation function then the node with minimum evaluation is expanded first. A best search is a combination of both breadth first search and depth search, a breath first is good because it will not go deeper and the depth first search is best because it can be found without searching all the nodes, hence the best first search allows us to gain benefit both the approaches 5.3 Greedy search: Greedy search select the path that has lowest heuristic value or estimated distance to the goal. Greedy search is a example of best first strategy, and it some cases like depth breast search I may never find the solution and greedy search is not optimal solution take into costly paths . This can be happen in the last step or in the first step. 5.4 A* search: The most widely known form of best first search is called a* search or best first search is simplified as A*search. The evaluation of nodes is carried in A* search was combination of g(n) the cost reached and h(n) the cost get from the node to the goal f(n)=g(n)+h(n) Here f(n) estimate cost of cheapest solution through node n, A* search is both complete and optimal which is identical to uniform cost search. From the above equation: g(n) is the total length between starting place to current location. h(n) is estimated length from current location to goal. A heuristic function which estimate how much distance it takes to reach goal. f(n) is the sum of g(n) and h(n) .then this will be a current estimated shortest path which founds until a A* algorithm is completed. A* Algorithm: A* Algorithm starts with initial nodes then it will take the best node on open such that f(n)=g(n)+h(n) is minimum. If Best is a goal node quit then return to the path from the intial to best or remove the best from open and all among best node naming each node with its path from initial node. 6.0 A* Algorithm applying for given graph: from the above graph , it shows that the node 1 is the initial node where salesman starts and reaches the node 3 which is the current location . then sum of the distance between initial to current location is consider as g (n) ie 1-5-2-4-3= 26.then the estimated length from current location to the goal is consider as h(n) ie 8 and then total minimal distance of path is A*=1-5-2-4-3-1=34 Then this is the minimal path in which salesman can travel starting at node 1. 7.0 Comparison table for depth first search and A* algorithm Algorithm Domain knowledge Memory space Minimum route Time complexity efficient Depth first search It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain domain knowledge more It find after complete search It takes more time less A* search It contain domain knowledge less It has information about it It takes less time more 8.0 CONCLUSION: The Idea of Travel sales man problem has much application in different fields .To Find best routes of travelling salesman we are used two algorithms they are Depth First search and A* Algorithm. Hence we conclude that A* algorithm is more efficient then depth first search algorithm, the time complexity of depth first is more comparing to A* search and it takes less memory space comparing to depth first search. Depth first search algorithm is more suitable finding minimum tour for limited number of cities, because if we take 50 to 100 cites depth first search expands each node of a tree to reach to the goal which is time consuming and memory waste.