Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release Essay

Knowing Your Audience Paper and Communiation Release - Essay Example Immediately rescue efforts began, but two days later, another shaft collapsed halting the rescue operation of the crews for many hours. Indeed, in such a situation, the company would need to be more cautious in how the world is notified of the incidence (Lusted, 2012). Basically, there are two ways in which the company would be expected to communicate information. The first being directed to the families of the workers trapped, the second to the other employees and finally, to the press. Those chosen to relay the information would be expected to be more careful so as to keep the goodwill of the company unaffected while ensuring that all the information is truthfully and accurately conveyed (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). This may be achieved by knowing the potential needs of the families of the miners and that of the company’s employees. In this respect, the family members need consolation and the assurance that the company did its best to help save lives and prevent further losses. The employees need the assurance that the company is concerned about their safety and welfare. The potential needs of the families of trapped miners in receiving a message concerning this incident would include among other things a detailed information of any potential dangers to the trapped miners, clear steps the company is taking with actual details and times, in order to convince the families that no opportunity or expense is being spared by the company to rescue their loved ones. It is also critical at the onset of the disaster to provide information relating to the identities and number of miners trapped (Lundgren and McMakin, 2011). The potential needs of employees of the company in receiving the message about this incidence would include knowledge of the identity, the number of colleagues trapped, and the efforts being made by the company in an attempt to save their tapped colleagues.

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay

The Traveling Salesman Problem Computer Science Essay Travelling sales man problem is one of the challenging problems in the real life and also most well studied combinatorial optimization problem. Many Researches from different fields like operational research, algorithms design and including artificial intelligence attract by it. This problem has been studied by different researches and come up with different solutions and this problem has been solved by using different algorithms like Blind search, Branch and Bound Search , Heuristic algorithm and Genetic algorithms etc. the problem was formulated as a mathematical problem in 1930 and later it is used as bench mark for many optimal solution. 1.1 TRAVELING SALESMAN PROBLEM: A Travelling salesman has a task of visiting N number of cities. He will start from a home location and want to visit each city just once and return back to the original location from where he starts. Travelling salesman route will be plan in such a way that in a given N number of cities cost of travelling from one city to any other city what is the minimum round trip route that visit each city once and then return to the starting place. The goal is to find the shortest tour that visit each city in a given cities exactly ones and then return to the starting city. The only solution to the travelling salesman problem is to calculate and compare the length of all possible ordered combinations. 1.2 History of travelling salesman problem: The travelling salesman problem was treated by a Irish mathematician sir William Rowan Hamilton and British mathematician Thomas Penyngton kirkman in the early 1800s. Hamilton and kirkman work on game called Hamilton Icosian game that requires player to complete tours through 20 points using only the specified connections. The general form of the travelling salesman problem studied by mathematician Karl menger during 1930s. He defines the problem using brute force algorithms and observed nearest neighbour heuristic non optimality. Soon after the name travelling salesman problem introduced by hassler Whitney at princeton university. In the 1940s the Travelling salesman problem was studied by statisticians Mahalanobiss, Jessen, Gosh, Marks. Among them P.C .Mahalanobiss took a sample survey of acreage under jute in Bengal discussed aspects of travelling salesman solutions through randomly chosen locations in the Euclidean plane. And this work is deal with survey of form lands one of the major cost to carrying out the survey was the transport ion of men equipment from one survey point to next. During the period between 1950s and 1960 the problem becomes more popular in scientific group in Europe and USA. a number of solutions designed by George B.Dantzing, Fulkerson and Johnson(1954) . in 1954 Heller publi shed an 88 report which contains many basic solutions on the travelling salesman polytype. In 1957 L.L.Barachet published graphic solution of travelling salesman problem which describes an enumeration scheme for computing near optimal tours. In 1964 R.L Karg and G.L. Thompson were applied heuristic algorithm for a 57 city problem. During the period R.M Karp and M.Held published an article about the travelling salesman and minimum spanning tree which introduced one tree relaxation of the travelling salesman problem and using node weights to improve the bound given by optimal tree. In 1990s Bixby and Cook developed the programme for travelling salesman problem which are using recently. 2.0 GRAPH: 2.1 Travelling salesman problem modelled as graph: Travelling salesman problem can be modelled as Graph where as the cities are the graph vertices, path is graph edges and path distance is edge distance. Our goal is to find the shortest tour that visits each city in a given graph exactly ones and then return to the starting city. 3.0 Search Algorithms: To solve travelling salesman problem we can use different types of algorithms like blind search, heuristic algorithms, uniform cost search etc 3.1 Blind search: Blind search algorithms are such algorithms which does not contain domain knowledge of the problem and it search blindly, hence it is called blind search algorithm. The only thing a blind search can do is it describes a non goal state from goal state. Assume that you are at city A and you want to reach at city D, if we draw a search tree level 1: city E, city B, city C. a blind search will have no idea which node should explore first, hence it explore each and every node blindly. In blind search we may not get information we can use. We just be looking for an answer and we wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t no until we found it. The blind search is also called as un informed search. Blind search is divided into two searches Algorithm they are 1) Breadth first search and 2) Depth first search 3.2 Breadth first search: Breadth first search is a search which starts at one node and it expands the all the neighbour node then after completing those nodes, it expands remaining nodes unexpanded it process is continues up to reaching a goal. The technique followed by breadth first search is FIFO first in first out) queue, the difference between breadth first and depth first search is, the depth first uses stack i.e. LIFO (last in first out). In this logic the items which are added is equal to the item which are deleted. This process continues up to reach a goal. 3.3 Depth first search: Depth first search is a general technique for traversing a graph. The technique which organise the to Do list was stack that is last in first out (LIFO). Depth first search start at one node and it explore as far as possible along each branch until a required goal node is found. Then it takes backtracking and return to the next node which it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t finished exploring and it keep on repeat the same procedure until it reaches to its goal. If Depth first search goes down a infinite branch and if it does not find a goal state or if it does not find the solution may be a better solution at a higher level in tree. Therefore depth first search is neither complete nor optimal. ALGORITHM: INPUT : A connected graph G ,a starting vertex 1 OUTPUT: An ordered spannig tree T of graph G with root vertex 1 Initialize tree as vertex 1 Initialize S as the set of proper edges incident on vertex 1 While s not equal to null Let e = dfs next edge(G,S). Let w be the non tree end point of edge e. Add edge e and vertex w to tree T. Update Frontier(G,S). Return Tree T. 4.0 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLY TO GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 1: For the above tree diagram we are using Depth first search, from the graph the sales man starts at node a and visits each node and return to original node Step1: from node 1 there is a three ways to travel i.e. node 2, node3 and node5 in level 2 Step2: by following depth first search condition LIFO it expands node 2 until the goal reach So for node 2 there is a two ways to travel i.e. node5 and node4 there is only one way for sales man to reach node 3 so this is not minimal path to travel. After expanding first branch sales man reaches node 3 from node 3 sales man reaches node4 With path length of 8 and from node 4 he reaches node2 with path length of 5 and from node 2 sales man reaches node5 with path length of 6 then length of whole sub tree is 27. After expanding of second branch sales man expands node 5, from node 5 sales man travels node 2 with path length of 6 then from node2 sales man reaches node 4 with path length of 5 From node 4 sales man reaches node 3 path length of 8.then length of whole sub tree is 26 Here we follow the condition that sales man will not visit those not which have already visited. the left vertices in the graph are chosen before right, from above to roots the minimum spanning tree path is 1-5-2-4-3 =26.this is the best minimum root for sales man to visit each city started at city1. 4.1 DEPTH FIRST SEARCH APPLYING TO THE GRAPH STARTING AT NODE 2: For the above tree diagram we are applying depth first search on which sales man starting at node 2. From starting city we have three ways to travel i.e. node 1, node4 and node5. From node 1 sales man has again to two ways to travel i.e. node3 and node5.from node 3 it reaches node 4. but here if we want to visit node5 we have to backtrack again it will not satisfy the condition visiting a city once so we didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t reach goal here sales man expands neighbour node 4, from node 4 sales man reaches node 3 with path length of 8, then sales man processed to node 1with path length of 8, then sales man visits node 5 from node 1 with path length of 7. The length of whole sub tree is 2-4-3-1-5=28. After expanding node4 travel sales man moves to node 5, from node 5 he reaches node1 path length of 7,from node 1 sales man reaches node 3 the path length of 8 and he proceeds to node 4 from node 3 with path length of 8,then whole length of sub tree is 2-5-1-3-4=29. Here sales man follow the condition that visiting each city, then the the best minimum cost route starting at node 2 is 2-4-3-1-5=28. 5.0 INFORMED SEARCH: Informed search is an estimate availability of the distance (cost) from each node(city) to the goal. This estimation will help you to head into the correct direction. The outline of inform search are heuristic search, best first search, greedy search and A* search 5.1 Heuristic search: Heuristic uses domain specific knowledge to estimate the quality or potential of partial solution .A heuristic search that find a good solution in less time comparing to blind search but not always find best solution. This search is very much useful for solving big problem which may may not solved by using other search and this search generate a possible solution which can be either route from the initial location or goal in the problem. For travelling salesman problem the nearest neighbour heuristic work well, but some time due to the arrangement of cites it will not find the shortest route. 5.2 Best first search: Best first search is a general approach of the tree search algorithm. In which it expand a nodes which is based upon a evaluation function. The estimation of cost is constructed as evaluation function then the node with minimum evaluation is expanded first. A best search is a combination of both breadth first search and depth search, a breath first is good because it will not go deeper and the depth first search is best because it can be found without searching all the nodes, hence the best first search allows us to gain benefit both the approaches 5.3 Greedy search: Greedy search select the path that has lowest heuristic value or estimated distance to the goal. Greedy search is a example of best first strategy, and it some cases like depth breast search I may never find the solution and greedy search is not optimal solution take into costly paths . This can be happen in the last step or in the first step. 5.4 A* search: The most widely known form of best first search is called a* search or best first search is simplified as A*search. The evaluation of nodes is carried in A* search was combination of g(n) the cost reached and h(n) the cost get from the node to the goal f(n)=g(n)+h(n) Here f(n) estimate cost of cheapest solution through node n, A* search is both complete and optimal which is identical to uniform cost search. From the above equation: g(n) is the total length between starting place to current location. h(n) is estimated length from current location to goal. A heuristic function which estimate how much distance it takes to reach goal. f(n) is the sum of g(n) and h(n) .then this will be a current estimated shortest path which founds until a A* algorithm is completed. A* Algorithm: A* Algorithm starts with initial nodes then it will take the best node on open such that f(n)=g(n)+h(n) is minimum. If Best is a goal node quit then return to the path from the intial to best or remove the best from open and all among best node naming each node with its path from initial node. 6.0 A* Algorithm applying for given graph: from the above graph , it shows that the node 1 is the initial node where salesman starts and reaches the node 3 which is the current location . then sum of the distance between initial to current location is consider as g (n) ie 1-5-2-4-3= 26.then the estimated length from current location to the goal is consider as h(n) ie 8 and then total minimal distance of path is A*=1-5-2-4-3-1=34 Then this is the minimal path in which salesman can travel starting at node 1. 7.0 Comparison table for depth first search and A* algorithm Algorithm Domain knowledge Memory space Minimum route Time complexity efficient Depth first search It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t contain domain knowledge more It find after complete search It takes more time less A* search It contain domain knowledge less It has information about it It takes less time more 8.0 CONCLUSION: The Idea of Travel sales man problem has much application in different fields .To Find best routes of travelling salesman we are used two algorithms they are Depth First search and A* Algorithm. Hence we conclude that A* algorithm is more efficient then depth first search algorithm, the time complexity of depth first is more comparing to A* search and it takes less memory space comparing to depth first search. Depth first search algorithm is more suitable finding minimum tour for limited number of cities, because if we take 50 to 100 cites depth first search expands each node of a tree to reach to the goal which is time consuming and memory waste.

The Life and Work of Artist, Paul Gauguin :: Art Essays

The Life and Work of Artist, Paul Gauguin Somerset Maughm's A Moon and Sixpence is about a man, Charles Strickland, who gives up his good life, including a wife and two children and a secure job, to seek a life as a painter. The character Charles Strickland and the events surrounding his life are loosely based on the real painter Paul Gauguin. Because I found the events of Strickland's life so riveting, I felt compelled to discover more about the real person Strickland was based on. Paul Gauguin himself was an extraordinary man who painted in the late 19th century. Webmuseum, Paris describes Gauguin as "one of the leading French painters of the Postimpressionist period, whose development of a conceptual method of representation was a decisive step for 20th century art." However, the events in his life are what makes Gauguin's story so remarkable. The first part of Gauguin's life was uneventful and played no major part in formulating his desire to paint. Gauguin was born in Paris in 1848. He spent the first year of his life there, but in 1849, because of his father's political activities, his family was forced into exile. He spent his childhood growing up in Lima, Peru. In 1867, after his mother died, Gauguin was sent to live with Gustave Arosa back in France. It is during this time that he started collecting impressionist art and he himself started painting. Gauguin became a wealthy stockbroker, married, and had five children. However, with the financial crash of 1882, he decided to quit his job entirely and paint full time. It was during this time that he severed ties with his wife Mette when she went back to her native land of Denmark taking their children with her. Many people cannot grasp the concept that a man who had such a successful happy life would give it all up to become an impoverished painter. Yet Gauguin believed so much in what he was doing that he persisted on giving up the pleasures of his former life and chose to live instead a life of poverty. In this life of poverty, though, he was able to paint. Upon making this life changing decision Gauguin moved around France, spending brief periods of time in Rouen and Pont Avon, looking for work.

Feelings Of Sadness Essay

This question is about feelings of sadness. Look at the Burial of St John Moore choose one more where there are feelings of sadness. With close reference to the way the poems are written compare and contrast how each speaker conveys his or her feelings of sadness. Show which poem has the more powerful appeal to you emotions. The two poems I am going to use are `The Burial of Sir John Moore` at Corunna by Charles Wolfe and `Remembrance` by Emily Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. The poem, The Burial of Sir John Moore is a soldier’s-eye-view of what initially appears to be the hurried and rather undignified burial at night of Sir John Moore in an unmarked grave and immediately prior to the retreat of his surviving forces by sea. The clear sadness in this poem is of a death, just what Remembrance deals with. Although Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is writing about a death of a lover her use of first person narration, presents the reader with a very powerful description of the emotions surrounding the loss. In the poem, The Burial of Sir John Moore, the funeral they have for the major still respected even though it’s in silence and nothing of what a man of his standards or any soldier should be having. The funeral differs a lot from what a funeral would be if the body was brought back home properly. â€Å"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note† If that was back home, there would be the complete opposite from that line, all the soldiers would drum and there would be tunes. â€Å"Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot† But on the battlefield they couldn’t make any noise what so ever, therefore the funeral was done in silence. The whole way through the poem you still see how much respect the soldiers have for Sir John Moore, even after he’s dead. They still look up to him as the hero that he is. In the poem â€Å"The Remembrance†, Bronte is talking about her partner that has passed away. Her use of first person narration presents the reader of very powerful descriptions about her love and emotions. The month of December is a very cold and miserable season at times. â€Å"Cold in the earth – and fifteen wild Decembers† So imagining fifteen of them is what life is like for her without her lover. She is never going to find no one like him, â€Å"No later light has lightened up my heaven; No second morn has ever shone for me.† The form of, The Burial of Sir John Moore, is Eight four-line stanzas. The tone is mainly sadness at the loss of a war hero. The reader also senses the loneliness and fear of the soldiers and their guilty haste and nervousness in burying their hero without any form of ceremony. It has a regular rhyming scheme. It creates a sombre and solemn beat which might remind the reader of a military funeral march. The language is simple throughout the whole poem. The imagery creates a sense of their loneliness and fear and also of their pride and courage. The form of Remembrance is a lyric poem or lament written in eight four line verses. The tone at first questioning, doubting, then certain and passionately resolved. The mood is one of despair and grief. It is a regular rhyming scheme. It has the regular beat of a hymn, with the emphasis tending to fall at the beginning and half way through each line. There is also a lot of repetition – â€Å"cold,† â€Å"severed,† â€Å"forget,† â€Å"hopes,† â€Å"my life’s bliss† – to emphasise the effect the death has on the speaker. The bird metaphor in stanza two reflects the flightiness, and inconstancy of human thought. The change of tense in the second half of the poem heralds a change of thought and tone and answers the query raised. She does remember, only too well. â€Å"Fifteen wild Decembers† have not succeeded in dulling the â€Å"rapturous pain† of memory. The hard, unfeeling words of the first half, expressing the coldness of grief such as â€Å"cold,† â€Å"wrong,† â€Å"sever,† â€Å"hover,† â€Å"suffering,† â€Å"wild† â€Å"obscure† give way in the second half to softer words, hymn-like words (not surprising considering her Methodist background) such as â€Å"bliss,† â€Å"golden,† â€Å"joy,† â€Å"cherished,† â€Å"yearning,† â€Å"burning† â€Å"rapturous,† â€Å"anguish.† These words inject the poem with a passion, which reflects the depth of her emotions when she allows herself the luxury of remembrance. Out of both poems I think The Burial of Sir John Moore would come across as the saddest, even though it shows fewer emotions than Remembrance. However, the poem isn’t a depressing one to read, it has a kind of excitement to it, to find out what is going to happen. But the actual story line to both poems are very sad, which is clear as they both are about death.

How does she achieve this? Essay

   It also shows us that Robert is a rather independent character considering he went, against his families wishes, to very remote part of the world. He is also, quite clearly indicated by his language, an educated man with ambitions beyond that of a normal being. Shelley also demonstrates Roberts’s ability to be an emotional person, ‘Hopes fluctuate and spirits are often depressed’, this shows his ambition is almost unreachable but he doesn’t want to give in. Walton’s emotions are highlighted to the reader in his opening letters and then remembered later when we hear Frankenstein’s story; they are both very similar. When we reach the 4th letter, the Gothic theme of the novel becomes ever more present. The reader gets the first sense of foreboding with the vivid description of the monster, and then the portrayal of the mysterious stranger in the distance. Walton, the Captain, is pleased to assist Victor, for he seems to be the answer to his prayers expressed in letter two, the quotes ‘I desire the company of a man who could sympathise with me’ and ‘I bitterly feel the want of a friend’ show us that he feels alone and miserable and that Victor provides a release from his loneliness. At last he has a kindred spirit. Of course, the reader is now intrigued by Victor’s story; there interest is then satisfied by this quote, â€Å"You may easily perceive, Captain Walton, that I have suffered great and unparalleled misfortunes. I had determined at one time that the memory of these evils should die with me, but you have won me to alter my determination. † Shelley is setting up a number of her themes in this clever introduction. One of which is Walton’s intense desire for discovery and the unknown, so far so that he would risk his life. His fateful meeting with Victor also provides us with a slight respite from the depressive language he is using to describe his journey, he found the companion he had longed for. Before the reader hears Victor’s story, many questions are raised, for example; what was he pursuing before they found him? And was it the mysterious, gigantic creature Walton and his crew say the day before? All will be revealed when Walton tells him off the figure they saw a few days ago, with those words ‘a new life animated his decaying frame’. A great effect used by Mary Shelley in this novel is the use of a Chinese box narrative, a kind of narration with two or more persons telling their own story. It starts of with Walter, an explorer, writing to his sister. His ship gets stuck and he goes outside only to find Victor Frankenstein. Victor is in a bad way, dying in fact, and so tells Walton his story. Halfway through Victor’s narrative, he creates the creature, which comes in, and tells his account. Then Victor comes back to conclude his tale, and the book finishes with Walton summing up, adding his own opinions, and writing to his sister again. This gives us different perspectives on each character and an idea of how each character feels about one other. Mary Shelley also uses pathetic fallacy in the novel to emphasise the gothic theme, the fact Walton journeys towards the desolate and barren North Pole which has connotations of being a harsh and unwelcoming place. This is typical of the Gothic theme as it exploits the stereotype of an undesirable and horrendous place to be. The fact she uses words such as ‘rawness’ and ‘vast’ tells us that the weather is almost uninhabitable. This makes the reader feel sympathy for the ship and its crew. In chapter 5, Shelley uses pathetic fallacy once again by beginning the chapter with ‘It was on a dreary night in November’. The chapter is actually a monologue describing how Victor (after months of labour), has finally completed his creation. But when the moment comes to give it life, its hideous appearance repulses him. His decision is to rush to the next room and try to sleep, but his mind was troubled. He throws himself onto to his bed in an attempt to forget about the monstrosity. But his mind is plagued by nightmares about Elizabeth and his mother’s corpse. When he awakes, he discovers the monster leaning over him with a friendly but terrifying smile and quickly bolts out of the house. He spends the night pacing in his courtyard and when next morning comes he goes walking in the town of Ingolstadt. As he walks by the town inn, Victor runs into his friend Henry Clerval, who has just arrived to begin studying at the university. Ecstatic to see Henry, a breath of fresh air and a reminder of his family after so many months of isolation and ill health, the ecstasy increased by the feeling of friendship after his recent experience of terror. Although the thought of crossing paths with monster terrifies Victor, he brings Clerval back to his apartment. Victor enters first and is relieved to find no sign of the monster. But, weakened by months of work and shock at the horrific being he has created, he immediately falls ill with a nervous fever that lasts several months. Henry nurses him back to health and, when Victor has recovered, gives him a letter from Elizabeth that had arrived during his illness. In chapter 5, Shelley’s description implicates that the monster is a child trapped inside an ‘adults’ body. Victor rejects the monster as an animal might reject one of its litter. Victor describes the monster as ‘a demonical corpse to which i had so miserably given life’. The fact Victor hates ‘the wretch’ he has created makes the reader feel sympathy for the monster as he hasn’t choosing this life and all he wants is to be loved. Shelley uses many language techniques to create tension in her novel. Chapter five is a great example again. Before Victors ‘creation’ comes to life, Shelley describes it as a ‘lifeless thing. ‘ This gives the impression that the when the monster is brought to life it will be treated as nothing more when it is born, just an experiment rather than a person. Shelley also writes a long and extremely detailed description of the monster in chapter five, ‘his yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of lustrous black. and flowing; his teeth of pearly whiteness; but these luxuriance’s only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes’ that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and his straight black lips. ‘ This description uses imagery to help create an image of monster inside the readers head which works to perfection as the reader is repulsed at the thought. In conclusion, many themes are often included in literature in order to provide more meaning and a better understanding for readers. But in Frankenstein Shelley conveys lots of different themes; some which are quite obvious and others that are more subtle. The novel also shows us how appearances are not always a clear representation of the person who’s underneath (the way the monster was judged solely by his looks). Also, the fact there are also many different narrative voices in the novel help the reader appeal to different characters, and also show how the character’s personalities evolve as the plot goes on. The fact the novel was written by a woman in a time when writing was almost solely dominated by men was enough but the fact it was such a huge success was down the way Shelley intrigued people and instilled fear. At the time it was written I personally feel that no-one would have been able to put it down. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.